Since the late Qing Dynasty, the West Wind has become stronger and scientism (which has been mistakenly equated with Westernization ) has become increasingly dominant. In the medical profession, it also shows the rejection of Western medicine to Chinese medicine. The " Abolition of Chinese Medicine Cases " in 1929 did not completely defeat Chinese medicine practitioners. Instead, the original loose Chinese medicine groups were organized and claimed to be Chinese medicine practitioners, actively embracing the national system and scientific discourse. Therefore, the scientificization of Chinese medicine has also become the strategy and consensus of practitioners of Chinese medicine. Although Western medicine also established another order of discourse, calling itself a new doctor, and thus as a Chinese medicine practitioner with the old doctor, but in the later period of the Republic of China, Chinese medicine also slowly entered the health and epidemic prevention system. However, “ Chinese medicine †has been deeply involved in the modern epidemic prevention system, and ultimately plays a transitional and marginal role in it. It is the overall health policy of the country after 1949 , “ prevention is the mainstay and treatment is supplemented †.  Planning is closely related. Because the treatment and epidemic prevention system of Western medicine mainly stays in big cities, and the advocates of Western medicine are mainly the knowledge and political elites of big cities, so even after liberation, Chinese medicine still dominates in rural areas, that is, in the minds of farmers. Within, the superstitious concepts such as the Yin and Yang Five Elements still dominate, and the traditional doctor-patient relationship has not changed. The three principles in health care 50 years after the proposed - prevention, peasants and soldiers for  And uniting Chinese and Western medicine - laid the foundation for China to establish a comprehensive health and epidemic prevention system. However, this is still far from the goal of “ serving workers, peasants and soldiers †. In 1965, when Mao Zedong saw more than 1.4 million health workers, actually 80% of senior medical staff to stay in the city, of which 70% in large cities, 20% in the county, only 10% in rural areas, the use of rural health funding Only 25% , and the city accounted for 75% , can not help but thunder: " The work of the Ministry of Health only works for 15% of the national population , and the 15% of the majority is the master, the majority of farmers are not medical, no doctor, No medicine. The Ministry of Health is not the Ministry of Health of the People. It is changed to the Ministry of Health or the Ministry of Health, or the Ministry of Health of the City.  It is. †September 10, 1968, "Red Flag" magazine published entitled "from" barefoot doctors "to see the growth of medical education revolution direction", after the "People's Daily" reprint, it also allows barefoot doctors become the new hero of the country. The medical level of the red doctor is not high, and the training time is not long. The half-agricultural and semi-reading learning method is adopted. The purpose is to “ mobilize various medical resources in the shortest period to make it play at the bottom of the rural area.  The biggest benefit. " Red medicine is a medical practice that is not in the West, but also in the West. It plays a fundamental role in the rural health system. The film "Spring Miao" promotes the spirit of the red medicine. More importantly, the emergence of the Red Doctor reveals a deeper political question: Who is the doctor serving? In addition to the two routes, there is a more important micropolitical issue. And the difference between mere west (ocean) red medicine that doctors: Western medicine through scientific equipment and mathematical methods to establish the truth about life with the disease. This truth is unknown to the average patient. In other words, the patient can only be a passive object waiting for the doctor to save. As Leixiang Lin said, even if the doctors for a full of love, of his / her professional training will force him / her to focus on symptoms other than human (ie levy  Designate), the data and inspection reports. Symptoms of patient self-intimacy are no longer an important basis for medical care, and the increasingly specialized terminology of physicians is further removed from the world of patients' daily lives.  In other words, doctors are no longer subjective to the diagnosis of symptoms, but objective and scientific calculations of the signs. Masks and white coats are just a way for doctors to self-confirm, and they are the embodiment of doctors' authority. However, because of the low academic qualifications, high political consciousness, and integration of Chinese and Western medicine, barefoot doctors can be combined with grassroots rural patients to form a relatively complete autonomous system. Red doctors are not going to be high. They not only see a doctor, but also plant a land, forming a harmonious ethical community with local farmers.  This kind of relationship based on local ethics can form a relatively equal doctor-patient relationship. Doctors not only diagnose patients as objects, but also obtain scientific signs. On the contrary, there is a living between the doctor and the patient.  Emotional communication. Yang Nian group from the "political space" in the perspective pointed out that the traditional "doctor-patient relationship," Chinese countryside not only for patients and their families autonomy for treatment, but also more emphasis on the performance of medical procedures "intended  Family oriented "extent that the whole treatment process is completed In one family, the human network. In contrast, traditional Chinese medicine does not have a special dress code, and the patient has the freedom to choose and replace the doctor. The patient can even test the doctor's medical skills and discuss with the doctor. So-called long-term illness  medical. This is unimaginable in Western medicine. What's more, in the context of the traditional cosmology, everyone can more or less speak about the truth of Chinese medicine and life. In the world of modern Western medicine, doctors monopolize  The truth of life, so the patient can only obey the scientific diagnosis of the doctor and surrender to the scientific authority behind the doctor. Any attempt to challenge the authority of a doctor will be intolerable. So we can understand " anti-Chinese medicine fight  Shi "Fan Shou Yuan said in 1937, saying: Chinese patient as much rule the roost everywhere sick man; but really qualify as qualified to be patient, but too few.  Fan still holds the words of " sick man " , but why is the sick person not qualified to be a patient? The so-called sick man is a patient who adheres to the traditional concept of doctors and patients and dares to challenge the authority of doctors. This is a body that has not yet been scientifically tamed, and qualified.  The patient is a patient who has accepted the modern medical system and respects the laws of science and has surrendered to the new doctor-patient relationship. Hu Shi, who advocates a new life, also stressed: " To be honest, most Chinese people are still not worthy of being a patient.  People, once they are sick, they are dangerous! †Although Western countries have also achieved a nationwide health system through Western medicine, the health system in the Mao era adopted a red medical system that united Chinese and Western medicine, and at the social level, mobilized the rural masters to the utmost extent.  A sense of humanity has achieved the greatest degree of national mobilization. Behind these two systems is the difference between two life truth regimes. In a nutshell, the truth of life in the modern West is mainly discipline - regulating biological power, while the new China is not likely to get rid of the disciplinary power, but behind this life and truth regime also gives the average person the power of life, opened up. The space of life politics. After the 1980s , with the establishment of the household contract responsibility system, the red doctor slowly left the countryside and disappeared from the life of the peasants. The original cooperative medical system also collapsed. Western medicine has become the main  Guide strength. The medical and health undertakings have also experienced an imbalanced development. Although the medical expenses of the Republic soared at a rate of 10.9% per year between 1978 and 1993 , such input did not give most people  Health care brings improvement. The proportion of the population is not insured from 29% in 1981 to 79 percent in 1993 (World Bank 1997). Most people without health insurance live in rural areas. In addition, the move by central and local governments to move health resources from rural to urban areas has intensified this contradiction. As a result, the gap between urban and rural areas has gradually widened in terms of medical availability and health status. It also made the magazine famous American think tank, "Council on Foreign Relations'" Foreign Affairs "(Foreign Affairs) again the" sick man of Asia "label donated back to China, but this time, because the health system is still unable to reach the expectations of the West, even Not as good as the Mao era. Â
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The medical system of the Mao Zedong era