1. Proteinase K: It can hydrolyze and digest proteins, especially histones that bind to DNA. It is stable in urea and SDS. The typical working concentration is 50-100 μg/ml. The recommended reaction buffer is 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 10 mM CaCl 2 . 2.SDS: Sodium lauryl sulfate. Dissolves lipids and proteins on the cell membrane, thereby dissolving membrane proteins and destroying cell membranes, and dissociating nuclear proteins from cells. SDS can also bind to proteins and precipitate. 3.IPTG Isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside, commonly used for blue-white spot screening and IPTG-induced protein expression in bacteria, etc. IPTG and lactose are structurally similar, so like lactose, it can be repressed with lactose operon. Protein binding, the spatial conformation of the repressor protein changes, the tetramer depolymerizes into a monomer, loses the ability to specifically bind to the operon, thereby releasing the repressor protein, allowing the subsequent gene to be transcribed and synthesized using lactase enzymes. . Unlike lactose, IPTG is not hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase. Often used with X-GAL for blue and white spot screening. Very powerful inducer, stable without bacterial metabolism 4.X-gal 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactoside, a coloring reagent for IPTG, which is blue under the catalysis of IPTG. Often used with IPTG to screen with blue and white spots. 5.G418: An antibiotic that is toxic to almost all cells and is the most commonly used selection agent for stable transfection. When the neo gene is integrated into a suitable place in the genome of the eukaryotic cell, the sequence encoded by the neo gene can be transcribed into mRNA, thereby obtaining a high-efficiency expression of the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase of the resistance product, so that the cell can obtain resistance and can be contained therein. G418 is grown in a selective medium. This selection feature of G418 has been widely used in gene transfer, gene knockout, resistance screening, and transgenic animals. 6.DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide. The laboratory is commonly used as a solvent for liquid chromatography and as a reference when used as a UV extinction value for test substances. It is soluble in all alkanes and alkenes. 7. Triton X-100 One of the components of the cell lysate used in TritonX-100. It has a certain role in protecting protein activity. The ability is between NP40 and SDS, which is biased towards NP40. 8.NP-40 Very mild detergent, 1% concentration can basically destroy the membrane, but weak on the nuclear membrane damage, combined with a specific buffer can obtain cytoplasmic protein. 9, BSA Bovine serum albumin. Mainly to maintain osmotic pressure, PH buffer, carrier and nutrition. In serum-free culture of animal cells, the addition of albumin serves physiological and mechanical protection and carrier action. Internal reference and antibody dilutions commonly used in protein quantification. 10. Formamide Formamide is used as a stabilizer for RNA in gel electrophoresis and is also used to stabilize denatured single-stranded DNA in capillary electrophoresis. 11.TEMED Tetramethylethylenediamine. Coagulant. Adding TEMED to accelerate gel polymerization under neutral and alkaline pH conditions 12. Mercaptoethanol A strong reducing agent. The protein disulfide bond can be reduced, so that the protein remains in a dissolved state, which is advantageous for binding to SDS. Dissociate the protein into a single subunit. 13. Methylene bi-acrylamide N,N-methylene bisacrylamide, also known as MBA, is also known as methylene bis acrylamide, methine bis acrylamide, N, N-methylene bis acrylamide. A polyacrylamide gel was prepared by polymerizing a crosslinking agent with acrylamide. 14. Ammonium persulfate The action of ammonium persulfate (APS) is mainly to provide free radicals, and then to polymerize acrylamide and methacrylamide under the action of a coagulant TEMED. 15.B27 An additive for neuronal hepatocyte culture is thought to have an effect of inhibiting glial cell growth. 16.DTT Dithiothreitol, a commonly used reducing agent, has both antioxidant effects. It protects the reducing group on the enzyme molecule, maintains a reducing environment, and stabilizes the activity of the enzyme. It is also a protein denaturant that destroys disulfide bonds at different concentrations and plays different roles. 17. Freund's incomplete adjuvant and Freund's complete adjuvant Freund's complete adjuvant is a water-in-oil emulsion containing the cell wall components of M. tuberculosis. Adjuvant activity results from the sustained release of the immunogen in the oil droplets and stimulates the local immune response. Freund's incomplete adjuvant is used for primary immune stimulation. In order to reduce side effects, Freund's incomplete adjuvant without M. tuberculosis components is used to enhance the exemption Complete Adjuvant is a water-in-oil emulsion that is very effective in inducing high titers of antibodies. Freund's complete adjuvant contains the cell wall component of M. tuberculosis, which enhances the antibody response to the antigen. Adjuvant activity results from the sustained release of the immunogen in the oil droplets and stimulates the local immune response. 18. Tween 20 Tween-20, a commonly used non-ionic detergent. 19. Tween 80 Tweenum 80, in addition to being used as an emulsifier, is also used as a solubilizer for certain insoluble drugs in water. 20. Sodium dodecyl sarcosinate deactivating reagent to prepare acellular tissue engineering scaffold material 21.PVPP PVPP has a disintegrating action on tablets, can be compatible with various water-insoluble drugs, can stabilize various suspending agents, has the ability to form complexes, and adsorbs, and thus can be used as a pharmaceutical auxiliary. Also used to remove polyphenols from beer. 22.PIPES Piperazine-N,N-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid), used as a buffer in the laboratory. The full name is piperazine-N,N-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) and the pKa is 6.80. Does not participate in or interfere with biochemical reactions, the price is more expensive. Often used in immunological and cellular experiments, PIPES is sometimes used to prepare E. coli competent. 23.CTAB Cetyltriethylammonium bromide, a detergent that dissolves cell membranes and forms a complex with nucleic acids. It is soluble in high salt solutions ((0.7 mol/L NaCl) when reducing solution) When the salt concentration reaches a certain level (0.3 mol/L NaCl), it precipitates from the solution, and the CTAB-nucleic acid complex can be separated from the protein and polysaccharide by centrifugation. Finally, the DNA is precipitated by ethanol or isopropanol. CTAB is dissolved in ethanol or isopropanol. CTAB is the most commonly used method for nucleic acid extraction in laboratories. twenty four. HEPES Hydroxyethylpiperidine ethanesulfuric acid, a weak acid buffer, is designed to prevent rapid changes in the pH of the medium. Under the open culture condition, the medium is separated from the 5% CO2 environment, the CO2 gas rapidly escapes, and the pH rises rapidly. If HEPES is added, the pH can be maintained at around 7.0. Generally add HEPES when cloning culture 25. MOPS A buffer that inhibits RNase, generally used in formaldehyde (for deformed RNA) for RNA denaturing 26. Guanidine hydrochloride Hydroquinone hydrochloride or the like can break hydrogen bonds in the protein structure, which increases the solubility of non-polar molecules including amino acid side chains and reduces hydrophobic interactions. 27. PMSF Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, Chinese name is phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Used to inhibit proteases. PMSF severely damages the respiratory mucosa, eyes and skin, and is fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through the skin. Once the eyes or skin are in contact with the PMSF, rinse immediately with plenty of water. Clothing contaminated with PMSF should be discarded. PMSF is unstable in aqueous solution. It should be added to the lysis buffer from the stock solution before use. The rate of loss of activity of PMSF in aqueous solution increases with increasing pH and the rate of deactivation at 25 °C is higher than 4 °C. At a pH of 8.0, the half-life of the 20 μmmol/l PMSF aqueous solution was approximately 85 min, indicating that the PMSF solution was adjusted to be alkaline (pH > 8.6) and allowed to be safely discarded after standing at room temperature for several hours. 28. BPB The pH indicator is yellow when pH=3.0 and blue-violet when pH=4.6. Acid-base indicator; non-aqueous indicator, protein electrophoresis; virus assay, etc. 29. Trypan blue Trypan Blue, or trypan blue, is a reactive dye that is commonly used to detect cell membrane integrity. 30. Xylene green FF Tracer dye for agarose polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, soluble in water and alcohol, can be loaded with bromfen blue in a certain ratio loading buffer 31. Acridine orange It is a kind of fluorescent pigment. It has different binding amount to DNA and RNA in cells. It can emit fluorescence of different colors. It has less green fluorescence when combined with DNA, and more orange or orange-red fluorescence when combined with RNA. The dye has membrane permeability and can permeate the cell membrane to stain nuclear DNA and RNA. Under the fluorescence microscope, acridine orange can pass through the normal cell membrane, making the nucleus green or yellow-green uniform fluorescence; in apoptotic cells, due to chromatin condensation or rupture into fragments of different sizes, the formation of small apoptosis body. Acridine orange is stained with dense yellow-green fluorescence or yellow-green debris particles; while necrotic cells yellow fluorescence is weakened or even disappeared. Acridine orange AO is often double-dyed with ethidium bromide EB. Because EB only kills cells to produce orange fluorescence, it can distinguish normal cells, apoptotic cells and necrotic cells. It can also be used as a frameshift. Mutant mutagen can be inserted between two adjacent base pairs, which will increase or delete one base of the DNA strand during DNA replication, resulting in a frameshift mutation. Acridine orange dye is toxic, wear gloves when handling, and be protected from light. 32. EDTA and EGTA EDTA-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid EDTA is a representative substance of a chelating agent. It can form stable water-soluble complexes with alkali metals, rare earth elements and transition metals. In addition, EDTA can also be used to detoxify harmful radioactive metals from the human body. It is also a treatment agent for water. EGTA--glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid can be directly titrated with EGTA when Ca2+ is determined in the presence of .Mg2+. The titration error is less than 0.3%, which improves the selectivity compared with EDTA titration. The stability of the complex formed by the ions is generally worse than the corresponding EDTA complex. 33.TRICINE N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]glycine, the common electrophoresis system is the Tris-glycine system; Tris-Tricine electrophoresis is used for the electrophoresis of peptides and proteins with a molecular weight of less than 10 kDa, which can obtain better separation effect. Replace it with the former. 34, PVP40 CO-N in PVP40 has a strong ability to bind phenolic compounds and form stable complexes, which are often used to remove phenols when extracting RNA. 35, sodium deoxycholate Ionic detergent, the role is: 1, Lysis cells; Soluble protein, especially soluble in some water-insoluble proteins, such as membrane proteins; 3, very suitable for WB, but used in Co-IP, need to be cautious 36, 6-BA Cytokinin is used in cell culture. 37. Iodoacetamide Also known as iodoacetamide, 2-iodoacetamide. Alkylation reagent for histidine and cysteine ​​in organic synthesis, for peptide sequencing and enzyme inhibitors, proteomics Grade reagent 38, naphthaleneacetic acid NAA, a broad-spectrum plant growth regulator, promotes cell division, induces the formation of adventitious roots, changes the proportion of male and female flowers, increases the rate of fruit set, etc. 39, Fan Hong O Saffron T; Redox indicator; biological staining; acid-base indicator; titration analysis of nitrite. 40, TTC 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (red tetrazolium), used for drug analysis and agarose additive, adding appropriate amount of TTC (0.5% TTC 1ML to 100ML agar) in counting agar, Bacterial colonies grow into a red color and are very meaningful for removing particulate matter from food backgrounds. Different knives will be used for different foods. An elegant kitchen knives set is necessary for your kitchen, at least a 5pcs knives set. 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Common biochemical reagents